Title: Spatial Patterns of the Spread of COVID-19 in Singapore and the Influencing Factors

Author(s): Ma, JF (Ma, Jianfang); Zhu, HH (Zhu, Haihong); Li, P (Li, Peng); Liu, CC (Liu, Chengcheng); Li, F (Li, Feng); Luo, ZW (Luo, Zhenwei); Zhang, MH (Zhang, Meihui); Li, L (Li, Lin)

Source: ISPRS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEO-INFORMATION Volume: 11 Issue: 3 Article Number: 152 DOI: 10.3390/ijgi11030152 Published: MAR 2022

Abstract: Exploring the spatial patterns of COVID-19 transmission and its key determinants could provide a deeper understanding of the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic. The goal of this study is to investigate the spatial patterns of COVID-19 transmission in different periods in Singapore, as well as their relationship with demographic and built-environment factors. Based on reported cases from 23 January to 30 September 2020, we divided the research time into six phases and used spatial autocorrelation analysis, the ordinary least squares (OLS) model, the multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model, and dominance analysis to explore the spatial patterns and influencing factors in each phase. The results showed that the spatial patterns of COVID-19 cases differed across time, and imported cases presented a random pattern, whereas local cases presented a clustered pattern. Among the selected variables, the supermarket density, elderly population density, hotel density, business land proportion, and park density may be particular fitting indicators explaining the different phases of pandemic development in Singapore. Furthermore, the associations between determinants and COVID-19 transmission changed dynamically over time. This study provides policymakers with valuable information for developing targeted interventions for certain areas and periods.

Author Keywords: COVID-19; spatial patterns; demographic; built environment; MGWR; Singapore

Addresses: [Ma, Jianfang; Zhu, Haihong; Liu, Chengcheng; Li, Feng; Luo, Zhenwei; Zhang, Meihui; Li, Lin] Wuhan Univ, Sch Resource & Environm Sci SRES, 129 Luoyu Rd, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.

[Ma, Jianfang; Li, Peng] Surveying & Mapping Geog Informat Inst Ningxia Hu, 25 Yinjiaqu St, Yinchuan 750002, Ningxia, Peoples R China.

[Zhu, Haihong; Li, Lin] Wuhan Univ, Sch Resource & Environm Sci SRES, Inst Smart Percept & Intelligent Comp, 129 Luoyu Rd, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.

Corresponding Address: Li, L (corresponding author), Wuhan Univ, Sch Resource & Environm Sci SRES, 129 Luoyu Rd, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.

Li, L (corresponding author), Wuhan Univ, Sch Resource & Environm Sci SRES, Inst Smart Percept & Intelligent Comp, 129 Luoyu Rd, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.

E-mail Addresses: majianfang@whu.edu.cn; hhzhu@whu.edu.cn; lipeng8788@hotmail.com; lcc_1218@whu.edu.cn; liwind@whu.edu.cn; luowei1993@whu.edu.cn; 2016301110191@whu.edu.cn; lilin@whu.edu.cn

IF:2.899